Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Easy Way To Make Rainbow Fire

Simple Way To Make Rainbow Fire Its simple to transform a standard fire into a rainbow-hued fire. This fire was created by consuming common gel fuel, which is sold for enlivening earth fire pots. You can discover the pots at pretty much any home store (e.g., Target, Home Depot, Wal-bazaar, Lowes). The gel consumes at a genuinely cool temperature, gradually enough that a little cup keeps up a fire for a considerable length of time. All you have to do to copy this impact is sprinkle boric corrosive onto the gel. You can discover boric corrosive as an insect executioner or disinfectant powder. Just a spot of boric corrosive is required. In the end, the gel fuel will be devoured, abandoning the boric corrosive. You dont need to add increasingly compound to the pot to keep up the shading, yet in the event that you ever need to come back to a standard fire youll need to wash the boric corrosive away with water before the following use. How the Rainbow Effect Works Boric corrosive doesnt really consume in the fire. Rather, the warmth of ignition ionizes the salt, delivering a trademark green discharge. The liquor of the gel fuel consumes blue, edging toward yellow and orange where the fire is cooler. At the point when you put the liquor based fire along with the boric corrosive discharge range you get the majority of the shades of the rainbow. Different Colors Boric corrosive isnt the main salt that hues blazes. You could try different things with copper salts (blue to green), strontium (red) or potassium salts (violet). Its best to utilize a solitary salt since combining them more frequently creates a yellow fire than a diverse fire. This is on the grounds that the most brilliant discharge originates from sodium, which copies yellow and is an amazingly regular contaminant of numerous family unit synthetic compounds.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

The early modern period is a term initially used b Essays

The early current time frame is a term at first utilized by antiquarians to allude essentially to the period generally from 1500 to 1750 in Western Europe. Showy force prospers this period and dramatization was considerably all the more ready to push the limits of what was conceivable. By 1400, be that as it may, Italian researcher had started to rehash with open-minded perspectives. English history and abstract history is portrayed by such breaks and unexpected changes. Al however not a smooth change, some received work frames that were longer accounts while others, similar to Wyatt and Surrey, embraced Italian poems. Every author has their own attributes to their type of composing. Melodious verse and sentiment were classes intended for crowds and perusers the scholars didn't have the foggiest idea. They were all the more regularly composed for a nearby friend network (Damrosch and Dettmar,642). In these compositions the journalists could discuss agony of adoration or the excitement of desire. Sir Thomas Wyatt exemplified the eager blend of social and creative abilities that later ages would see as the perfect of the Renaissance man (Damrosch and Dettmar, 701). Wyatt's sonnets change the soul of their Petrarchan topics by giving sensual subjects a humorous and much severe turn. Sir Thomas Wyatt and They Flee from Me show the defenselessness of the essayist. He claims legitimately to his crowd, requesting their view with respect to what reaction her activities and conduct warrant. It is conceivable to consider the to be as a reflection on his contact with Anne Boleyn before her association and marriage toHenry VIII. Notwithstanding, the tone of outrage and disap pointment at being spurned for another could apply similarly well to Wyatt's first marriage as he isolated from his better half because of her infidelity. The relationship could likewise be an allegory for the dignified relations, non-romantic and sentimental, which were conceived and passed on with hazardous flurry. The perspective on creation was significant for craftsman and essayists since it gave them a representative language of correspondences by which they could allude to animals in broadly various settings and conditions (Damrosch and Dettmar, 647). These correspondences are made through strikingly strange similitudes. The outcome is an inescapable feeling of a general amicability in every human experience. The Anniversary records a fixation on natural time, however demands the affection celebrated isn't generally liable to time by any means, since it possesses spirits which it has so culminated that they will accomplish Heavenly restoration following demise. Scholarly idea, mental perspectives, strict practices, and the traditions of the individuals encouraged new relations to the past and another feeling of self. The term of present day life was detailed in this period (Damrosch and Dettmar, 649). They bolstered a culture in which extraordinary and contradicting perspectives were common. The composing Tenure of Kings and Magistrates is an extraordinary case of a sonnet about government and war. All through time there have seen various perspectives to composing. In this timespan one can see the exceptional change from the earliest starting point as far as possible. There is a distinction in the essayist's style and the manner in which they cause the perusers to feel. One essayist may cause one to feel the torment of a misfortune or love while one may take you on their excursion of progress through time. Authors since forever can make us tap into our faculties and feeling. Work Cited Damrosch, David, and Kevin J. H Dettmar. The Longman Anthology Of British Literature . first ed. New York: Longman, 2010. Print.

Friday, August 14, 2020

Welcoming Our New Team Members Mladen, Zsofi, Martin, Berni and Ionut! - Focus

Welcoming Our New Team Members Mladen, Zsofi, Martin, Berni and Ionut! - Focus As our team at Meister HQ continues to grow, were delighted to welcome five new team members on board across our marketing, development, finance and customer success teams. Heres what Mladen, Zsofi, Martin, Berni and Ionut bring to our team: Mladen Jokanovic MeisterTask Full Stack Developer My Background Upon finishing my bachelor studies in Computer Science in Belgrade, I relocated to Vienna where I completed an Innovation Curriculum at the Vienna University of Technology. During this time, over 7 years ago, I began working as a Java backend developer  and shortly after switched to full stack development, where I find myself today. Before joining Meister in June 2018, I worked for various startups across a number of industries, including big data, media and esports. My Role at MeisterLabs This summer, I joined the MeisterTask frontend development team, where I contribute to feature development, fixing bugs and the general improvement of the common internal framework. Meanwhile, I’ve learned Ruby on Rails so that I can continue working as a full stack developer on the MeisterTask team. About Me In my free time, you can usually find me playing billiards or basketball. Autumn and Winter are always reserved for reading lots of books, as well as the odd marathon session playing NBA 2K or Pro Evolution Soccer. Zsófia Ender Search Engine Marketing My background I grew up in Hungary and received my master’s degree in International Economy and Business, with a specialism in Financial Analysis, from Corvinus University of Budapest. Before I moved to Vienna last year, I lived in Budapest for 8 years, studying and then working as a social media manager, and in Germany for 2 years, working as an online marketing manager. In Stuttgart and Karlsruhe, I deepened my knowledge of SEM, SEO and e-commerce. I really enjoy working in online/performance marketing, as it’s a constantly changing and evolving area. I like writing texts, creating ads, as well as testing landing pages, new solutions and attribution models, and find it very interesting to see how all these things affect customer behavior. It permanently challenges my creative and analytical skills. My Role at MeisterLabs As a search engine marketing specialist, I mainly take care of the MindMeister-related search campaigns in Google and Bing, and besides that, I help with performance marketing campaigns (display, video, social), SEO and app store optimization. About Me In my free time, I like hanging out with friends, discovering Vienna and going to concerts or exhibitions together. As I have 3 sisters and 2 brothers, I like being surrounded by people. I also like traveling and doing yoga. In the last few years, I’ve started learning German and web design, and it seems like it was worth it. ?? Martin Babry Head of Marketing My Background Born and raised in Vienna, I chose to study business informatics at the Technical University. Upon graduation, I, like most fellow students, had no idea which job to apply for, so I opted for a graduate trainee program at a large Austrian corporation. There, I soon got into the marketing department and quickly figured out that I love what marketing is all about. Working in different roles across different departments there for some years, I used every spare minute to educate myself on marketing further, through books, events and various publications. I finally decided to take on a new challenge at a small Austrian tech company, where I was given the chance to lead the marketing team. After a little over two eventful years there, I found a new exciting opportunity to grow further at MeisterLabs and took it. My Role at MeisterLabs As the Head of Marketing, I will be looking to build on the excellent marketing work that the team has executed over the past few years, to grow our user base even further. The job goes from analyzing and interpreting a vast range of data, to developing our brand further, creating new materials for our customer success team and helping every member of the team grow. Working on such a diverse range of tasks for two innovative tools used by millions of professionals worldwide is, of course, an attractive challenge. About Me As a father of three kids, most of my evenings and weekends are filled with family and parenting activities. Should there be any energy and spare time left, I try to meet up with friends, read up on marketing or pursue my hobby career as a sports writer â€" since my teenage days, I’ve been a passionate fan of Iranian football and blog about the topic. On the (many) lower energy level evenings, I prefer a more passive approach, by watching a good movie, TV series or a good game of football, or by training my thumbs on the Xbox. Bernadett Koncz Finance Manager My Background I’m originally from Lake Balaton, Hungary, where my family still live, so I’m always keen to go back to visit. However, since university, I have lived in several different places. During my Finance and International Management degree in Budapest, I had the opportunity to participate in both short and long-term exchanges abroad. I studied in Portugal and Germany, and worked in Poland and the US, and also had the opportunity to participate in uni-exchanges in Asia. During my studies, I undertook internships with some great companies, like PG and McKinsey. As these amazing university years came to an end, I closed this period of my life with an incredible summer, during which I traveled to my dream-destinations and I’ve now decided to settle with my partner in Vienna. I feel very excited about both my new role as Finance Manager here at MeisterLabs and about making a new home in Vienna. I cant wait for the new adventures that this chapter of my life will present. ?? My Role at MeisterLabs As the Finance manager, I will be helping MeisterLabs’ Co-Founder Till Vollmer with everything finance-related: analyzing charts and numbers, building Excel spreadsheets, preparing monthly accounting reports, taking care of invoices, and so on. About Me For me, having a positive attitude is paramount. In my free time, I love traveling, exploring new places, learning about new cultures, as well as just chilling with my family or friends. In the shorter term, I love reading, playing board games and doing sports like cycling, roller skating and walking around nice places like Vienna! Ionut Stoian Customer Success Agent My Background Born in Bucharest, Romania, I began my career in a slightly different line of work, undertaking a bachelor’s degree in Marketing and a master’s degree in Management of E.U. Funds. Soon after graduating, I moved to the city of Ia?i with my girlfriend, where I began my support agent career at 123-reg, which was later acquired by GoDaddy. At the end of 2017, I moved to Vienna, Austria, where I fell in love with the city and in July 2018, I joined the customer success team at MeisterLabs! My Role at MeisterLabs As a customer success agent at MeisterLabs, my job is to help customers with any issues they encounter regarding MindMeister and MeisterTask. Dealing with issues ranging from billing requests to exciting feature requests, my job is to do all I can to help our users get the most out of our products. About Me When the weather is nice, I like to go out cycling on the Donauinsel a large island in the Viennese section of the Danube. It’s one of my favorite areas of Vienna and is also a great place to take my crazy dogo out, as she’s an enthusiastic runner. I also enjoy reading sci-fi books and playing online games with friends, as well as single-player games with great storylines. Were delighted to have Mladen, Szofi, Martin, Berni and Ionut on board! There’s still space in our bustling offices in Vienna and the U.S. though. Check out our  jobs page  to find out the positions we’re hiring for. If you don’t see an opening that fits, get in touch via  [emailprotected]  to let us know where you see yourself on our team! Welcoming Our New Team Members Mladen, Zsofi, Martin, Berni and Ionut! - Focus As our team at Meister HQ continues to grow, were delighted to welcome five new team members on board across our marketing, development, finance and customer success teams. Heres what Mladen, Zsofi, Martin, Berni and Ionut bring to our team: Mladen Jokanovic MeisterTask Full Stack Developer My Background Upon finishing my bachelor studies in Computer Science in Belgrade, I relocated to Vienna where I completed an Innovation Curriculum at the Vienna University of Technology. During this time, over 7 years ago, I began working as a Java backend developer  and shortly after switched to full stack development, where I find myself today. Before joining Meister in June 2018, I worked for various startups across a number of industries, including big data, media and esports. My Role at MeisterLabs This summer, I joined the MeisterTask frontend development team, where I contribute to feature development, fixing bugs and the general improvement of the common internal framework. Meanwhile, I’ve learned Ruby on Rails so that I can continue working as a full stack developer on the MeisterTask team. About Me In my free time, you can usually find me playing billiards or basketball. Autumn and Winter are always reserved for reading lots of books, as well as the odd marathon session playing NBA 2K or Pro Evolution Soccer. Zsófia Ender Search Engine Marketing My background I grew up in Hungary and received my master’s degree in International Economy and Business, with a specialism in Financial Analysis, from Corvinus University of Budapest. Before I moved to Vienna last year, I lived in Budapest for 8 years, studying and then working as a social media manager, and in Germany for 2 years, working as an online marketing manager. In Stuttgart and Karlsruhe, I deepened my knowledge of SEM, SEO and e-commerce. I really enjoy working in online/performance marketing, as it’s a constantly changing and evolving area. I like writing texts, creating ads, as well as testing landing pages, new solutions and attribution models, and find it very interesting to see how all these things affect customer behavior. It permanently challenges my creative and analytical skills. My Role at MeisterLabs As a search engine marketing specialist, I mainly take care of the MindMeister-related search campaigns in Google and Bing, and besides that, I help with performance marketing campaigns (display, video, social), SEO and app store optimization. About Me In my free time, I like hanging out with friends, discovering Vienna and going to concerts or exhibitions together. As I have 3 sisters and 2 brothers, I like being surrounded by people. I also like traveling and doing yoga. In the last few years, I’ve started learning German and web design, and it seems like it was worth it. ?? Martin Babry Head of Marketing My Background Born and raised in Vienna, I chose to study business informatics at the Technical University. Upon graduation, I, like most fellow students, had no idea which job to apply for, so I opted for a graduate trainee program at a large Austrian corporation. There, I soon got into the marketing department and quickly figured out that I love what marketing is all about. Working in different roles across different departments there for some years, I used every spare minute to educate myself on marketing further, through books, events and various publications. I finally decided to take on a new challenge at a small Austrian tech company, where I was given the chance to lead the marketing team. After a little over two eventful years there, I found a new exciting opportunity to grow further at MeisterLabs and took it. My Role at MeisterLabs As the Head of Marketing, I will be looking to build on the excellent marketing work that the team has executed over the past few years, to grow our user base even further. The job goes from analyzing and interpreting a vast range of data, to developing our brand further, creating new materials for our customer success team and helping every member of the team grow. Working on such a diverse range of tasks for two innovative tools used by millions of professionals worldwide is, of course, an attractive challenge. About Me As a father of three kids, most of my evenings and weekends are filled with family and parenting activities. Should there be any energy and spare time left, I try to meet up with friends, read up on marketing or pursue my hobby career as a sports writer â€" since my teenage days, I’ve been a passionate fan of Iranian football and blog about the topic. On the (many) lower energy level evenings, I prefer a more passive approach, by watching a good movie, TV series or a good game of football, or by training my thumbs on the Xbox. Bernadett Koncz Finance Manager My Background I’m originally from Lake Balaton, Hungary, where my family still live, so I’m always keen to go back to visit. However, since university, I have lived in several different places. During my Finance and International Management degree in Budapest, I had the opportunity to participate in both short and long-term exchanges abroad. I studied in Portugal and Germany, and worked in Poland and the US, and also had the opportunity to participate in uni-exchanges in Asia. During my studies, I undertook internships with some great companies, like PG and McKinsey. As these amazing university years came to an end, I closed this period of my life with an incredible summer, during which I traveled to my dream-destinations and I’ve now decided to settle with my partner in Vienna. I feel very excited about both my new role as Finance Manager here at MeisterLabs and about making a new home in Vienna. I cant wait for the new adventures that this chapter of my life will present. ?? My Role at MeisterLabs As the Finance manager, I will be helping MeisterLabs’ Co-Founder Till Vollmer with everything finance-related: analyzing charts and numbers, building Excel spreadsheets, preparing monthly accounting reports, taking care of invoices, and so on. About Me For me, having a positive attitude is paramount. In my free time, I love traveling, exploring new places, learning about new cultures, as well as just chilling with my family or friends. In the shorter term, I love reading, playing board games and doing sports like cycling, roller skating and walking around nice places like Vienna! Ionut Stoian Customer Success Agent My Background Born in Bucharest, Romania, I began my career in a slightly different line of work, undertaking a bachelor’s degree in Marketing and a master’s degree in Management of E.U. Funds. Soon after graduating, I moved to the city of Ia?i with my girlfriend, where I began my support agent career at 123-reg, which was later acquired by GoDaddy. At the end of 2017, I moved to Vienna, Austria, where I fell in love with the city and in July 2018, I joined the customer success team at MeisterLabs! My Role at MeisterLabs As a customer success agent at MeisterLabs, my job is to help customers with any issues they encounter regarding MindMeister and MeisterTask. Dealing with issues ranging from billing requests to exciting feature requests, my job is to do all I can to help our users get the most out of our products. About Me When the weather is nice, I like to go out cycling on the Donauinsel a large island in the Viennese section of the Danube. It’s one of my favorite areas of Vienna and is also a great place to take my crazy dogo out, as she’s an enthusiastic runner. I also enjoy reading sci-fi books and playing online games with friends, as well as single-player games with great storylines. Were delighted to have Mladen, Szofi, Martin, Berni and Ionut on board! There’s still space in our bustling offices in Vienna and the U.S. though. Check out our  jobs page  to find out the positions we’re hiring for. If you don’t see an opening that fits, get in touch via  [emailprotected]  to let us know where you see yourself on our team!

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Chinas One Child Policy Essay - 567 Words

The Chinese One Child Policy As China is having an enormous economic expansion it is also facing many problems. One of the major problems people have become more and more concerned about is the countrys population. At the dawn of this century there were some 426 million people living in China. Today the population is about 1.2 billion. About two-thirds of this 900 million increase was added within the last 50 years. In another word, the population has tripled since the Peoples Republic of China was grounded. Today the mainland China alone contributes to at least 20% of the worlds population. It is also very well known all over the world that in China couples nowadays are not allowed to have more than one child. This policy was†¦show more content†¦Also, with the shift in the labor force from more strenuous work that was once the majority, to light industry, the need for male children is decreased. Especially in the cities there is almost no such discrimination. So hopefully the problem will not be long-lasting. In order to escape from the taxes and other punishments of having more than one child, many families simply do not report the birth of new babies. This phenomenon is more common in the countryside because the control is looser and it is easier to get a job and house. This makes the statistics from the government more or less doubtful because the figures do not include the so-called black population. Many of them could not have enough and proper education and other social benefits. Thus they have to start to work much earlier. It is for example very common in some poor rural areas that girls in the family have to give up school so the family can afford the boys education. People in rural areas usually are allowed to have two children since the beginning of 1986 while it is strictly forbidden in cities. (However, this exemption was withdrawn in 1995) Researchers have also found that people with lower education tend to have more children in average (of course it is not true in every case). Since families with higher education and better economy usually have fewer children and vice versa, the difference between the spending on each child will somewhat increase. Some experts are thusShow MoreRelatedChina‘S One Child Policy648 Words   |  3 PagesSophy Huang DSOC Essay 5 Revision 9 April 2012 It’s time to change a manufacturing model In the last two decades, China’s economy has grown rapidly, becoming the world’s second largest economy after the U.S. China has gained this achievement by becoming the factory of the world and exporting cheap products to oversea markets. However, recently China has been losing its advantages in the export sector, which its economy is heavily reliant on. New data shows a visible slowdown in manufacturingRead MoreChina’s One Child Policy1305 Words   |  5 PagesChina’s One Child Policy There are more than 1.3 billion people living and building families in China. Until a century ago, many Chinese families included multiple generations living in the same household. Today, though, its no longer the norm. A typical Chinese family today includes a married man and woman with one child, and this is generally known as the core family. The percentage of core families continues to rise above other types of family units. This not due to a social coincidenceRead MoreChinas One Child Policy954 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation containment by way of a ‘ One-Child Police’, to alleviate its social and economic problems (Jiang, 2010). The population had been well-controlled during the past 30 years and according to the National Bureau of Statistics, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births and contributed greatly to economic growth (Government net, 2011). However, the one- child policy is like a double edged sword. Although there are positive outcomes, Fro m the policy, there are also many negative issuesRead MoreChinas One Child Policy971 Words   |  4 PagesChinas one child policy China has had a one child policy since 1980. The one child policy limits the fertility rate that each woman can have only one child in efforts to cut down the population, and undo what Mao Zedong did to early China. Mao’s goal was to make China the next superpower nation by encouraging people to have many children. Unfortunately, Mao did not know that he was moving China backwards with this kind of thinking. In 1949 after a long civil war over who controlled China, MaoRead MoreChinas One-Child Policy3129 Words   |  13 PagesChina who has one of the largest population in the world with over 1.3 billion people, has taken a stance against over population. By introducing China’s One-Child Policy (Family Planning Policy) in 1979, China hopes to decrease its country’s annual population growth. China has implemented the policy by many different ways; propaganda, taxation, and multiple forms of birth control. Though China’s intentions are to give its citizens better living conditions by enforcing its policy, many controversialRead MoreChinas One Child Policy4037 Words   |  17 PagesChina’s One Child Policy; Impacts on the Society, the Economy, and the People. By David Goheen Due: December 14, 2007 Executive Summary During the years before the implementation of the One Child Policy, the leaders of China were involved in wars, a great leap forward, and an industrial revolution. In the last twenty five years China’s One Child Policy has affected the country in every way one can imagine. This paper will attempt to explore the major ways the policy has affected theRead MoreChinas One Child Policy Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment Action on Population Control and Chinas One Child Policy One of the more extreme measures taken in an attempt to control population has been Chinas one-child policy. Population advocate Garet Hardin suggests the rest of the world adopt similar policies. This paper is to show a countrys government acting on theories that Hardin is popular for and the ethical and environmental effects that it had on people and the land. Hardin fails to see the ethical problems laid out by governmentsRead MoreEssay On Chinas One Child Policy766 Words   |  4 PagesA Policy for the Better China, in the late 1970s, had an unbelievable population; close to one billion. With such an alarming number of people and limited resources, even in such a large nation, there had to be an even larger change. China’s one-child policy was a remedy to this problem, and helped Chinese citizens in many ways. Without the policy, China would have many economic problems and serves all of China with its rules. China’s one-child policy was an excellent idea for China and its peopleRead MoreEssay On Chinas One Child Policy1195 Words   |  5 PagesChina’s one-child policy made it illegal for most Chinese couples to have more than one child. It was the culmination of the government’s long struggle to control population growth. The policy was enforced mainly through financial incentives and punishments, but in rural areas brutal enforcement techniques like non-consensual sterilization and abortion were sometimes used. While the policy did reduce the population, it also caused problems such as an unbalanced male-female sex ratio and â€Å"4:2:1 familiesRead MoreChinas One Child Policy Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagescontribute significantly to the nations poverty levels and restrain its potential for economic growth. (Gu 42) Chinas one-child family policy was first announced in 1979. In a 1979 speech, Deng Xiaoping drew the first outlines of a policy to limit population growth, Use whatever means you must to control Chinas population. Just do it. (Mosher 50) Basically the aim of Chinas one-child family policy was to help slow population growth to 1.2 billion by the year 2000. It was hoped that third and higher

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

The Rank Structure For Leadership In The United States

The rank structure for leadership in the United States Army is broken down between Commissioned Officers and Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs), and they both have very different roles. Officers are in charge of planning for operations and taking responsibility of the unit and the mission (those who set the standards for public education), while NCOs, who are considered the backbone of the Army, are in charge of teaching and leading the junior soldiers and accomplishing operations (like the teachers in the classrooms with students every day). According to the NCO Creed â€Å"My two basic responsibilities will always be uppermost in my mind—accomplishment of my mission and the welfare of my Soldiers.† (â€Å"The NCO Creed.† 1974). Education of students†¦show more content†¦Teachers should be trained and proficient in the different methods of learning. It is important that teachers implement different tactics to address the diverse learning needs of their st udents. It is common knowledge that the early schools in America were extremely biased in favor of wealthy, white, males and heavily based in the Christian religion, and while schools have come a long way in inclusion, equality, and regulation of its education it is still modeled after those schools that were operated in the past. That is because the original structure of the public school system works, the concept of one specialized and professional teacher educating one or multiple pupils with knowledge that aims to help them to become successful contributing members of society and the very best versions of themselves. The purpose of school should be to provide a safe place for students to spend their time expanding their knowledge in the traditional subjects, learning social skills by interacting with peers, coping mechanisms, resiliency skills, and problem solving skills. These are skills that will teach them to be responsible contributing members in society. Additionally, empha sizing culture is important in the classroom, educators and administrators should encourage a strong sense of identity in students while also providing adequate multiculturalShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior Of The United States Marine Corps1602 Words   |  7 Pagesof how dynamic it can be than the United States Marine Corps. Rich in its tradition and history, the United States Marine Corps has a robust structure, very unique culture, and a fervent passion that is almost indescribable as words will only fail to articulate what it means to be a Marine. This inevitable failure of an attempt will begin anyways, but in the hopes that some learning will occur, as we study what is the organizational behavior of the United States Marine Corps. The Marine Corps isRead MoreRespect and Why the Marine Corps Has a Rank Structure. Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesRespect and why the Marine Corps has a rank structure. There are very few things in the modern military of today or any military that has ever existed before our current military for that matter, that are more important than the rank structure and the the respect that is demanded of you by that rank structure. Those are two very important characteristics of every successful military unit. With added details here and there, in this essay I will mainly be discussing what respect actually is, howRead MoreAbstract. This Paper Will Explore The Roles And Motivational1187 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper will explore the roles and motivational factors of Commissioned Officers in the United States military. The professional leader lives and embodies the values of the organizational culture that is the military. The military is constructed upon a hierarchal organization structure composed of individuals with the yearning to lead others to the standards set in place by military ethos. The role of a commissioned officer is to embody these values in and out of uniform while also leadingRead MoreChain of Command1686 Words   |  7 Pagesfind any information to support or oppose this assumption. The chain  of the command defines the relationship of juniors and  seniors  within Army organization. An effective chain of command is essential for the Army to  carry out  its  mission. Good leadership supports an effective chain of command. The chain  of command serves several  purposes  in the  accomplishment  of the Army’s  mission. It defines responsibilities and identifies accountability. Properly used, it provides  direction  and smooth communicationsRead MoreAcademic Essay - Military Leadership Theory1108 Words   |  5 PagesAcademic Essay - Military Leadership Theory ABSTRACT While researching the Military Leadership theory I was able to discover many interesting philosophies and ideals that transfer seamlessly to the business world. It is my belief that many of today’s organizations derive their structure to the military’s hierarchical structure and leadership model. This is evident by almost every organization’s â€Å"top down† management structure regardless of its size. As I will discuss, the military typicallyRead MoreUs And Japan Business : A Culture Of Progress1575 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness efforts, cultural differences would certainly have a significant impact on management style, leadership and even work ethic of the employees. The United States and Japan are both strong economic powers that hold to a capitalistic economic system. Their management styles, however, are very different. This can often be explained through the differences in culture and management or leadership styles. Over the years, the two count ries somehow maintain very strong business harmony despite theirRead MoreThe Contribution Of The Salvation Army1170 Words   |  5 Pagessince its founding. All operations of the organization follow in accordance with the Gospel of Jesus Christ allowing for a more spiritually driven structure rather than a profit driven organization. Peter Drucker, who many consider to be the father of modern management theory, said the Salvation Army is the â€Å"most effective organization in the United States†. After all, of the companies listed on the Dow Jones in 1896 only one, General Electric, withstood the test of time and exists today alongside theRead MoreDoes The Current Army Promotion Board Structure Create Bad Leaders?1392 Words   |  6 PagesDoes the Current Army Promotion Board Structure Create Bad Leaders? For more than three decades, Army Non-Commissioned Officers (NCO) were part of an era of fast promotions through the NCO ranks, with some Military Occupation Specialty (MOS) seeing Soldiers make the rank of Sergeant First Class (SFC) with six to seven years time in service (TIS). Since the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, the United States military was facing a challenge that produced two separate operations simultaneouslyRead MoreReaching For The Stars Unless You re Black1066 Words   |  5 Pagesthe United States Army being one of the oldest organization in American, they have undoubtable faced its share of diversity issue, they are an organization, with the need to operate under the strictest hierarchical structure. This structure is imperative to their mission to serve and protect the free people of this country and to uphold the Constitution that affords it. Alas, the structure begs for internal oppression of minorities, due to the need and desire by its members to advan ce in rank. TheRead MoreThe Subculture of the United States Army Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesOne subculture within the United States is that of the US Army. The Army defends the nation against all enemies, foreign and domestic. It is an exclusive group since not everyone in the country serves in the Army. The US Army’s official birthday is June 14, 1775, however its origins are much earlier than that. During British colonialism, citizens often had to take up arms to defend themselves, primarily against the Indians, since the British did not have a significant military presence in America

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Government and Tabacoo Industry Free Essays

‘ Government Regulation of Tobacco Products Kyle Luckritz Corporate and Social Responsibility BUS 250 Dr. Woods 03/29/13 1. Would you describe the orientation of Reynolds toward tobacco regulation as cooperative or at arm’s length essay writer service review? How about the attitude of Altria? What do you think explains the differences between the two companies’ positions? Reynolds was far from cooperative. We will write a custom essay sample on Government and Tabacoo Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now They would definitely be considered at arm’s length and ready and willing to fight. Based off the information from the text, the company ran a series of television advertisements that showed the FDA as being overwhelmed and incapable of properly ensuring food and drug safety. While this was Reynolds view and what they did, Altria’s attitude would be considered cooperative. This is because they wanted a â€Å"seat at the table† as the bill was being discussed in Congress. (Lawrence Weber, 2011) Altria knew that the law would most likely pass anyways, so they took a position that supported the Legislation. They wanted make sure cigarettes would not be outlawed entirely. What explains the difference between the two is that Reynolds was the worst offender when it came to advertising tobacco products to children. In 2008, six states sued the company for using cartoons in advertisement that dealt with cigarettes. This is part of why Reynolds took the stance they did. 2. What public policy inputs, goals, tools, and effects can be found in this discussion case? Public policy inputs are considered external forces that help to shape a government’s policy when making decisions and strategies to address a certain issue or problem. An example of this in this case would be the U. S Surgeon General and the medical reports that declared cigarettes as a health hazard. Another would include the six states that sued the Reynolds Company for violating the agreement about advertisements and cartoons. Public policy goals are usually very broad views that are set to help serve several people. The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2009 is meant to protect the youth of America from cigarettes. This law could also expose the tobacco industry to increased financial risks through lower sales and might violate the companies’ first amendment rights to free speech to advertise their products. Another would be the 1998 agreement not to use cartoons in cigarette advertisements which also helps to protect the youth. Public policy tools include incentives and penalties that the government uses citizens and businesses to act in ways that achieve policy goals. Some of the tools the government used include banning tobacco advertisements 1,000 feet from schools and playgrounds and warning labels on 50% of the space on each package. This helps to reach the goal of protecting America’s youth and making people aware of the consequences. Other tools include, â€Å"Prohibiting distribution of free samples of cigarettes, restricting distribution of free samples of smokeless tobacco, and prohibiting tobacco brand name sponsorship of any athletic, musical, or other social or cultural events. † (FDA, 2012) These also help to protect the youth of America and help to prevent people from starting to smoke. Public policy effects are the outcomes that come from government regulation. Health advocates predicted that the new FDA standards could eventually reduce toxins and carcinogens in cigarettes or even make cigarettes taste so bad people no longer use them. The problem with this is that it could affect the public that already enjoys smoking. This could also hurt tobacco industries financially and hurt the public who may have to now pay more for cigarettes. Works Cited FDA. (2012, December 21). Tobacco Products. Retrieved from U. S. Food and Drug Administration: http://www. fda. gov/TobaccoProducts/ProtectingKidsfromTobacco/default. htm Lawrence, A. T. , Weber, J. (2011). Business and Society. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. How to cite Government and Tabacoo Industry, Papers

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Revenue and Tax Law

Question: Discuss about the Revenue and Tax Law. Answer: Residence and source The facts of the instant case are as follows: Fred is an executive of British corporation and a specialist in management consultancy. With an intention to open a branch of his company he arrives in Australia. He takes a property on lease for a period of 12 months in Melbourne. His wife accompanies during his stay in Australia but his teenage sons were left to stay in London as they were pursuing education in college. Fred earns income form an UK property which he has rented and also he earns interest from his investments in France. Fred returns to UK due to his ill health, 11 months after his arrival in Australia. The question to be determined here where he should be considered as an Australian citizen for the purpose of taxation or not. It is relevant here to look into the term resident as has been defined under subsection 6(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act, 1936. According to the provision under the subsection of this Act, a person, who resides in Australia, would be deemed to be an Australian resident if: He has a domicile in Australia He has been in Australia for a period of more than 6 months unless the Commissioner is satisfied that: He does not have intention to take up residence in Australia and He has a place of abode outside Australia (King 2016). Case law: Reid v. The Commissioners of Inland Revenue (1926) In this case it was held that the things which are to be considered for determining whether a person should be considered to be a resident or Australia or not are the quality of their presence and time in Australia (Harding 2012). Behaviour of individual whilst their stay in Australia The behaviour of individuals whilst their stay in Australia is an important factor to be considered for determining whether they should be treated as a resident of Australia or not. If the behaviour of individuals do not change during their stay in Australia and their behaviour is more or less same before their arrival in Australia, then will be considered to be resident of Australia for taxation purpose (Mares 2012). Business ties The factor that a person enters Australia for setting up a business in Australia would be an important factor for determining whether he is a resident of Australia or not. If the person stays for a long time in Australia for establishing a business, he would be considered to be an Australian resident for the purpose of taxation (Dirkis 2012). In the instant case, Fred has arrived in Australia for business purposes. His intention is to establish a branch of his company in Australia. He is himself not much aware of the time required for establishing a branch of his company and he has taken a property on lease in Melbourne for a period of 12 months which may be extended according to emerging circumstances. Moreover, his daily behaviour is similar to his behaviour before his entering into Australia. He has been in Australia for a period of 11 months and he has gone back to UK due to his ill health. He is again required to come back to Australia for fulfilling the business purposes. Under the provisions of the relevant statute and under the prevailing circumstances, he should be considered to be a resident of Australia for taxation purposes. Ordinary income Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris In this case it has been laid down that when investment owner wants to realize the investment and gets a price higher than the price through which he has acquired it, then the excess of price is not considered to be a profit to be assessed for income tax purposes. But if an owner of a security wants to realize it or convert it, then the excess values obtained may be assessed for the purpose of income tax if it can be shown that the act done by that person is truly for the purpose of doing business (Kheng 2015). There is a thin line of difference between these two classes of cases, and every case has to be determined according to its facts and circumstances (Tiley and Loutzenhiser 2012). Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T In this case, 1771 acres of land was acquired by the taxpayer between 1863 and 1865 mining coal in the property. In 1924, the coal got exhausted and then the taxpayer started to prepare for subdivision and sale of the land. He built some roads, constructed a railway station, gave lands to churches and schools and kept aside some land for parks. The Court took the view that the realisation of the land through the subdivision of land could not be considered as a profit making business scheme. The land was no more viable for carrying out the coal mining and the steps were taken by the company for realising the land. Thus, the companys intention was not to get engaged in the business of selling land. Hence, the Court held that profits acquired out of the sale of the land could not be assessed for the purpose of income tax (Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T, [1950]) In this regard, William J. said the following: It is impossible, I think, to hold that the appellant was engaged in such a business or profit-making undertaking or scheme prior to 1924. The crucial question is therefore whether the facts justify the conclusion that the appellant embarked on such a business or undertaking or scheme in 1924. The facts would, in my opinion, have to be very strong indeed before a Court could be induced to hold that a company which had not purchased or otherwise acquired land for the purpose of profit-making by sale was engaged in the business of selling land and not merely realising it when all that the company had done was to take the necessary steps to realise the land to the best advantage, especially land which had been acquired and used for a different purpose which it was no longer business like to carry out. III. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd In this case, 1584 acres of land was purchased by the taxpayer company (Whitfords) so that fishing sacks on a beach could be accessed by the fishermen who were shareholders of the Company. The Company had no intention to make profit at the time when the company was formed or at the time land was acquired by the company. In 1967, the companys shares were transferred to three development companies. The intention of the development companies was to develop the land and accordingly they altered the constitution of the company. They started working for the development of the land and sold the land. The High Court observed that land has been acquired by the development companies for the purpose of doing business and in pursuance of a profit-making scheme. The venture was truly commercial and therefore any income generated form the subdivision and sale of the land would not be exempted from assessment for income tax purpose. Thus, the High Court held that the profit acquired by the development companies would not considered to be realization of the asset and would be assessed for income tax purposes (FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd, [1982]) Statham Anor v FC of T In this case, the Court observed that the main question which was to be determined was whether subdivision of a land amounted to a mere realisation of asset or whether it amounted to a land development business carried out by the owners of the land for the purpose of generating income out of the subdivision and sale of the property. In this case, the Court took a view that the farming land was subdivided and sold for realisation of asset and hence the profit acquired out of such subdivision and sale of the land would not be assessed for the purpose of income tax (Statham Anor v FC of T, [1989]) Casimaty v FC of T In this case, a farming property comprising of 988 acres of land was acquired by a taxpayer from his father. A further 40 acres of land adjacent to it was purchased by the taxpayer subsequently in which he established his homestead. In the subsequent years (around 20 years), he used the property for primary production. But, as his health got deteriorated and his debt got increased, he subdivided the property and sold a large portion of his property. In the period between 1975 and 1993, eight separate subdivisions were carried out. The taxpayer constructed several roads, provided sewerage and water facilities to the relevant blocks. The boundaries were also fenced by the taxpayer (Obst and Hanegbi 2016). The Commissioner sought to assess the income generated from such subdivision and sale of the property for income tax purpose as he was of the view that the taxpayer was conducting a business of subdividing and selling land. The Commissioner observed that the taxpayer had a profit making scheme while conducting such business. An appeal was filed by the taxpayer in the Court. It was held by the Court that the subdivision and sale of the land represented the realisation of asset and the profit out of the sale of the land could not be assessed for the purpose of income tax because he was not carrying out of a business. He was using the land for residential purpose and for the purpose of primary production. Thus, the income generated from the sale of the land was not considered as a profit made out of the conduct of a business and hence he was exempted from paying tax (Casimaty v FC of T, [1997]) Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T In this case, it was held that if a venture involves dual purpose, then if any of the purpose is profit making, then the profit would be assessed for the purpose of income tax. In this case, a land was purchased by the company, Moana Sand Pty Ltd. for the purpose of conducting the business of selling sand on land and then to keep the property under their occupation until they get a good price for the lands subdivision. It was held that the amount which was received on compulsory redemption less the costs incurred on acquiring the land would be assessed for the purpose of imposing tax (Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC, [1988]) VII. Crow v FC of T In this case it was observed that when various properties were purchased and were subsequently subdivided and sold, there was a repetition in the transactions involved. Moreover, the transactions were being carried out in a systematic way and resembled characteristics of a continuing land development business. Therefore, it was held that the profits acquired out of such transactions would be assessed for imposing tax (Crow v FC of T, [1988]) McCurry and Anor v. FC of T In this case, the Federal Court observed that if the acquisition of a property is done in pursuance of a business dealing with a motive to develop the land and sell it afterwards, then such acquirement of property could not be considered as an investment and the profits out of the development and sale of the property would be assessed for the purpose of income tax. In these kinds of cases, the main or the dominant purpose of the scheme would be an important factor to determine whether the acquirer had a profit making scheme or not. In this particular case, the factor of intention to resell the property was a dominant factor to determine that the acquirer did not have an intention to realize the asset but intended to enter a profit making scheme. Moreover, in this case, the money which was used for the purpose of acquiring the land was borrowed money. From this fact, the Court inferred that there was a high possibility of reselling the land and hence the profit which would be generate d from such resale would not be considered as a realization of asset and would be assessed for the purpose of income tax (McCurry Anor v FC of T) Reference List Casimaty v FC of T [1997]ATC 97, p.5135. Crow v FC of T [1988]ATC 88, p.4620. Dirkis, M., 2012. '... Nowhere man sitting in his nowhere land': The continuing saga of cross border arbitrage. Revenue Law Journal, 22(1), p.88. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd [1982]CLR 150. Harding, C., 2012. Who is a resident of Australia?. Concise Collection of Tax Fundamentals, A, p.181. Kheng, T.K., 2015. 24. Revenue and Tax Law. significance, 4, p.7. King, A., 2016. Mid market focus: The new attribution tax regime for MITs: Part 1. Taxation in Australia, 50(10), p.590. Mares, P., 2012. Temporary migration and its implications for Australia. Papers on Parliament, (57). Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC [1988]ATC 88, p.4897. Obst, W. and Hanegbi, R., 2016. Small-Scale Property Development: GST Implications. Adelaide Law Review, Forthcoming. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T [1950]CLR 81, p.188. Statham Anor v FC of T [1989]ATC 89, p.4070. Tiley, J. and Loutzenhiser, G., 2012. Revenue Law: Introduction to UK Tax Law; Income Tax; Capital Gains Tax; Inheritance Tax. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Friday, March 27, 2020

Aquittals essays

Aquittals essays Abuse of power has never been welcomed by society. Whether it is in the home, on the job, in our schools or in our government, society subjects these abuses of power to investigation and prosecution. The penalties can be a dismissal from their position, court marshal or impeachment for the president. According to Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution, the president shall be removed from the office on impeachment for and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. As we study American history, we see that the saying, history repeats itself appears to be true. For instance, more than 130 years ago, our nation faced the same event that recently occurred: the impeachment of the president of the United States. Although President Andrew Johnson and President Bill Clinton both went through the impeachment process their circumstances surrounding the charges were quite different. President Johnson was not elected, but became president after Lincolns death. President Clintons problems on the other hand were his personal affairs. Congress believed that his behavior toward them and the citizens of the United States was unacceptable. The processes and trials of Johnson and Clinton are different in their reasons for impeachment, the general state of the nation, the difference in the people and the styles of running the office of president. The reasons for impeachment of Johnson and Clinton are very different. President Johnson came into office at one of the most intense periods of our nations history. Not only had a great leader just been assassinated, but the end of a long, tragic war had just come. Congress did not think very highly of Johnson or his ideas about the South and slavery. Through loss of favor and trust and as punishment for Johnsons many votes, Congress voted to impeach him. This was just the method they were looking ...

Saturday, March 7, 2020

2 04CrusadesFacts Essay

2 04CrusadesFacts Essay 2 04CrusadesFacts Essay 1. What is a Crusade? Restore Christian rule over the area. 2. Importance of the Holy Land: sacred for Judaism, Christianity and Islam. For Jews it is the promised homeland. For Christians this is where Jesus lived his life. For Islam Jerusalem is the holiest place on earth Where Muhammad ascended to heaven. 3. Byzantine Emperor: Alexius I Comnenus 4. Roman Catholic Pope: Most powerful figure in Europe. 5. Causes: a. ______all___ wanted forgiveness of sins & access to Christian holy sites. b. ___pope______ wanted to unify Christianity c. _____knights____ wanted adventure and treasure d. _____kings____ wanted more land e. ______merchants___ wanted to expand markets & acquire new products f. _____peasants____wanted freedom from service on the manor 6. Peter the Hermit: organized peasants and stragglers to go out and preach the word of God 7. The Crusades a. First Crusade 1096-1099 The first Crusaders, led by ___Godfrey of bouillon ______________________________, marched from Constantinople through lands held by the Seljuk Turks to Antioch. ___constantinople_______, _____Antioch______, and ____Jerusalem_______ were captured by the Crusaders. The _____Edessa__________ and __the kingdom____________ were set up. Most of the Crusaders who had survived _and __returned home___________________. b. Second Crusade 1147-1149 Enthusiasm for the Crusades was at an __all time high________________. Holy Orders of knights rode and fought, such as_____Teutonic knights___________, __Knights Hospitaller____________, and _____Knights Templar___________. However, crusader attacks were poorly organized, resulting in _____________. Similar to the First Crusade, many Crusaders ____returned home______________. c. Third Crusade 1187-1192 Saladin: thought that the Christian armies were infidels ad needed to be evicted Richard the Lionheart (King Richard I): remained to lead the Christian armies d. Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 This Crusade was started by the Pope, mostly to ____increase________ the authority of the Church. The major accomplishment of this Crusade proved to be ____weakening ___________ the Byzantines enough that they could no longer hold off ______Muslim expantion______________. e. Final Crusades 1217-1272 Crusades #5-8 were ____disorganized_____________ military efforts with _____limited support___________. 8. Overall Outcome of The Crusades: They all Failed 9. Children’s Crusade: A much debated event

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

Varieties of Romanticism in Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Varieties of Romanticism in Art - Assignment Example Looking closely at a particular finished artwork can help the viewer to understand important concepts within the given society, such as the relationship between women and men or the political forces at work. By comparing several works of the Romanticist period, one can begin to understand the underlying forces of the period and thus appreciate the individual approaches to a greater degree. Romanticism focused on more direct emotional expression than the highly constructed neoclassicist approach that preceded it. â€Å"An interesting schematic explanation calls romanticism the predominance of imagination over reason and formal rules (classicism) and over the sense of fact or the actual (realism)† (Holman & Harmon, 2001). Characteristics of the style identified by Welleck (2003) include a â€Å"revolt against the principles of neo-classicism criticism, the rediscovery of older English literature, the turn toward subjectivity and the worship of external nature slowly prepared during the eighteenth century† (196). The period idolized the imagination as the highest of human capacities due largely in part to its creative abilities and as a means of reacting to sweeping change in every aspect of life. It also esteemed nature not only because of the creative element inherent in it, but also because of the manifestation of the imagination that could be found with in it in the sense that we create what we see. The world was full of symbols and signs that would portend future events and actions which were knowable through their relationship to the myths and legends of antiquity. Thus, it was not necessary or even fully expressive to remain doggedly true to physical vision. This approach to art can be seen as early as 1781 in the work of Henry Fuseli. In his numerous paintings and drawings, this artist chose to focus on elements of the imagination and its effects on the living experience of the human animal. The Romantic approach can be

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Narrative Writting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Narrative Writting - Essay Example I’ve lived here for about a year, but I still don’t know all that many people and an invitation to a costume party is unlikely at this point. The only people I know are the policeman and his wife next door and they’re not really the partying type. Then the doorbell rings. Not just the one she’s standing next to in the movie, but the one right behind my head. I almost hit my head on the ceiling I jump so high. The ring is followed immediately by frantic knocking. The knowledge that it’s the killer on the other side of the door in Scream doesn’t help much in getting me to answer the door. My feet are lead anvils and my legs are Jell-O, but some kind of curious invisible hook has snagged inside my belly compelling me to move to the door even while the two hemispheres of my brain argue back and forth about the wisdom of this movement. My right arm reaches to bang on the neighbor’s wall. He is a cop, after all. But the wall we share is on my left side, so it’s a fruitless but valiant effort by the creative side of me to preserve me from my logical curiosity. The ten steps it would take for me to reach the door of my tiny apartment have stretched to a marathon mile and the standard beige carpet has become molasses warmed. I have to walk past a darkened hallway on my right before I even come close to the door. The air kicks on at just this moment and I receive a quick burst of warm air puffing out of the open spaces. It feels like the breath of some giant creature leaning against my neck. The air is stale, I haven’t cleaned yet this week, and it’s full of dust since this is the first week the heater’s been on this year. This hallway reaches back into the bedrooms and bathroom areas. It’s an open hole, a gaping darkness, threatening to swallow me up or concealing malevolent beings, I don’t know which. I’m actually afraid to move across this open space. It just now occurs to me that the cat had

Monday, January 27, 2020

Marx and Epicurus Theories of a Happy and Meaningful Life

Marx and Epicurus Theories of a Happy and Meaningful Life What is the picture of the point of human life implicit in Marxs discussion of alienation, and how does this picture contrast with the views of Epicurus? Explain which of the two views you find more plausible and why. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the contrasting views of Marx and Epicurus for a happy and meaningful life, and ultimately support the view of Marx over that of Epicurus, because it is more relevant in current times and a way of live. This paper will develop two arguments, by which Epicurus will disagree with Marx. The first is that Marxs concept is mostly related to materialistic considerations, where Epicurus focuses on contemplation, pleasure, and friendship. Secondly, Marx does not consider people to be intelligent, where for Epicurus wisdom is the most valuable thing in life. According to Marx, with the emergence and development of capitalism people work to live and they choose work to afford other things, not for the work itself. They relate to a product that is not related to them and are thrown into â€Å"forced labor†, which disconnect them from human nature (p. 2). Therefore, Marx sees importance in the relation between labour, production and reality with human nature (p. 3). One is alienated from his/her productions and he/she is driven away from his/her nature, and consequently from other human beings, then â€Å"nature is taken away† (p. 3). Because everybody is employed in the machine of economical forces one cannot see any actually free human beings to relate with â€Å"one man is alienated to another, just as each of them is alienated from human nature† (p. 4). Marx disapproves of capitalism. He believes such an economic system is inferior as it leads to estranging people from their production, or alienation of the thing, f rom the act of production the relationship of the worker to his own activity as an alien activity, from their human species and from other people (pp. 2, 3). Thus, Marx believes that what makes us human is the conscious ability we have to be creative in a universal act of production (p.3). Therefore, capitalism deprives one from being a human. However, according to Marx the meaning and happiness of life are embedded and related to materialistic considerations. One is unhappy, because he/ she produces â€Å"commodities† and he/ she is not related to them (Marx, 1844, p. 1). Capitalism leads to alienation of product, and this leads to all other alienations that Marx talks about, which makes ones life unhappy. Therefore, if he was related to those commodities, he would be happy. Thus, according to Marx, activities and products are essential for our happiness. Epicurus concept is built on a pursuit of pleasure, which one could conceive with the elimination of mental and physical pain. He sees wisdom as the most valuable virtue of all. Where, the most precious thing that wisdom could attain is friendship, from all the â€Å"means that wisdom acquires†¦the most important is friendship† (Epicurus 2, p. 2). Therefore, Epicurus concentrates its discourse on the importance of a non-materialistic world. He believes in one living wisely, honourably and justly with directed interests toward tranquility of the mind. This is what Epicurus sees as a pleasurable and happy life â€Å"we call pleasure the alpha and omega of a happy life† (Epicurus 1, p. 2). Therefore, Epicurus will disagree with Marx. Products, no matter in what way created, should not be of primer importance for one to be happy. Friendship is something that can not be simply produced, but is an established connection with another human being, through common interests, visions, discussions, unrelated to material production. Marx believes that people are not happy in a capitalists society, because they are dehumanized and alienated from everything in their life. Thus, Marx talks about a universal act of production that enables one to feel as a â€Å"free being† (Marx, 1844, p. 3). However, none of his arguments considers one to be an intelligent human being. Moreover, he says that capitalism and mass production leads to â€Å"imbecility and cretinism for the worker† (Marx, 1844, p. 2). His concept is based on the relation of humans to their nature, and therefore closer to their instincts. Thus, their belonging to the natural is substantial and it is before a process of active reasoning in their life. In Marxs words, in terms one to be happy, he/she must be mainly active in a physical way, not on a mental level. However, one could be intellectual, when he/ she works and his/ her object of labour is â€Å"objectification†. This â€Å"objectification†, on the other hand, is relat ed to the absence of alienation from ones production (Marx, 1844, p. 3). Where, Epicurus idea about pleasurable life is highly tied with the notion of one being wise. He says that a wise man or woman, that ultimately would be a happy man or woman will always think about what he/she does in his/her life and â€Å"greatest interests†¦ will be, directed by reason throughout his [her] whole life† (Epicurus 2, p. 1). Thus, Epicurus believes that there is no such thing as a chance in the life of a wise man or woman. If a wise man or woman is experiencing â€Å"misfortune† in his/her life that is much better thanâ€Å"prosperity of a fool† (Epicurus 2, p. 2). Therefore, if Marx does not consider people to be wise, if they overcome the capitalists machine of dehumanization, it would be a chance, and their happiness would not be a real happiness, according to Epicurus. However in my personal opinion, living in a dominant western capitalist society, constrains people in the way that Marx describes. If you ask me if I am happy, I will never explain it in terms of other emotions or pleasures, pain or wisdom. I will talk about my experience as a human being, what I achieved in life, school and career. I will explain it with relationships to other human beings in my life. This does not mean that I don not have a life of reason, or I am not employing my intellectual abilities in my life. Even if something happens by chance in my life I would appreciate and enjoy it the same way as everything that I have planned. Thus, I believe that what we feel defines our life. When we talk about happiness and pleasure, those notions seem to be very short-sighted consideration. The meaning of mine life is a feeling about what I will leave after me, what I will achieve and how I will contribute in to this world. Does not always matter how something happens in our life, if it makes us feel complete and in touch with our instincts and nature, as Marx would agree. Moreover, relation to a universal labour and production is what better defines my vision for the world we live in. Going to work nowadays is a must for one to maintain at least basic living standards. We do not spend enough time with our families and friends. We are enslaved in life, scheduled by our work. Thus, we spend so much time doing something, which results in products and services belonging to somebody else. Moreover, the social structure that we are part of makes work, production and consumption more important than our nature as human and social beings. In my opinion, no matter how much reason and wisdom we put in our actions, we will define our life, by our productivity, relations to nature and material considerations which consequently is much closer to Marxs concept. Bibliography: Marx, Alienated Labor. (1844). In Jackman (ed), Phil 1100: The meaning of Life, Course Kit, York University 2009, pp. 55-62 Epicurus (1), Letter to Menoeceus in Jackman (ed), Phil 1100: The meaning of Life, Course Kit, York University 2009, pp. 29-30 Epicurus (2), Principle Doctrines in Jackman (ed), Phil 1100: The meaning of Life, Course Kit, York University 2009, pp. 31-33

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Three Dialogues Between Hylas And Philonous

The dialogues between Hylas and Philonous were written by George Berkeley, who was ordained as a Bishop in Cloyne. He was also a famous idealist and philosopher of the early modern period. His works reflects metaphysical ideas and concepts of idealism. Berkeley had written several books in his lifetime. All of his works reflected his views about life and spirituality as he makes arguments about the existence of things around us. He is very resilient in defending his claim by providing valid supporting evidences to support the argument.He is formulating arguments through proper use of words and concepts. He also made several critiques about the works of other philosophers who doubts in the existence of God. It was evident that Berkeley believes that there is a God, a Supreme Being who is responsible for the things we see. He is responsible for the sensorial qualities of the things around us. He explained the omnipotence of God from an idealist perspective. He made very strong argument s by questioning the nature of our sensory abilities and providing possible hypothesis for this.After making a series of hypotheses, he discarded each one by providing a counter-argument until he comes up with the last hypothesis that there is one capable being that is responsible for everything on Earth including the sensorial faculties of man. During Berkeley’s time, a lot of philosophers like the famous rationalist John Descartes, believed that material things existed even if it is not perceived by the human mind. They argued that the qualities of the object were inherent to the latter with or without human perception.They also believed that the objects around us help us to generate ideas about it as well as attributes. They also argued that human perception could be deceiving because not all concepts that were perceived by the senses were viable. Sometimes what we see in an object is not its real quality. A good example of this perhaps would be a pencil in a glass of wate r wherein a part of a pencil is submerged while the other is not. It can be observed that the submerged part appears to be bigger than the other half. Berkeley did not believe that material things existed. Rather, he believed in immaterialism and idealism.He argued with the apologists of materialism about this. He pointed out that materialism can be explained by the existence things around us through our own ideas but it cannot explain the nature of our ideas through the things around us. Maybe one advantage that Berkeley had at that time that made his argument firm was the fact that nobody could placidly explain to him what a material thing really is. Their description and exposition could not suffice the counter-arguments and inquisition of Berkeley. He believed that material things did not really exist. These were mere products of our senses.He expounded that material things are dependent on our mind and sensory abilities. Without our sensory-neural facilities, there will be no c oncept of things. Thus a material thing would not exist. In his work, â€Å"The Three Dialogues of Hylas and Philonous, in opposition to Skeptics and Atheists† Berkeley made a direct attack on the supporters of materialism by juxtaposing the claims of the materialist and his counter arguments. He used fictitious characters in this work in the likeness of Hylas and Philonous to explain his views about the perception of things and how these could be attributed to skepticism and atheism.He expressed his ideas on the words of Philonius, a character in his work, as he was conversing with Hylas, the character that represents the advocate of materialism. In the preface of his work, Berkeley explained that if the inferences he made would be validated, the concept of atheism and skepticism will no longer be applicable. He believes that if his ideas were applied, there will be a re-evaluation in the principles of science. The pointless part should be omitted keeping those that are plai n. The complex rationale for the things around us will be simplified.Also, he explained that instead of using paradox and ambiguous statement, man could simply apply plain common sense to explain the things around him. In the three dialogues of Philonous and Hylas, Berkeley used simple examples using the qualities that we perceive through our senses such as colors, sweetness of sugar, hot and cold and a lot more to support his inference that the qualities of material things does not exist per se. It is perceived through our senses and we associate the qualities. He even commented on the use of a microscope to see the qualities of things not visible in the unaided eye.I would like to share a particular scenario to illustrate my understanding of Berkeley’s views and how he inferred that materialism could lead to atheism and skepticism. As I was reading the lengthy debate of Hylas and Philonous, a particular instance came to my mind. What if three people were left in an isolated region with no initial knowledge of the common qualities of things? To intricate further, one of them could be considered color blind but can hear, the other can hear as well but could not see anything, and the third cannot hear sound but has normal vision. How do they describe a yellow chirping bird for example?Maybe in the perspective of the first person, it is a gray bird chirping. The second person perhaps might not have any ideas that there is a yellow bird but he could describe that he could hear a chirping sound, not exactly from a bird. The last one, however, could see a yellow bird with its beak moving, but there is no sound. Considering their three accounts, how would they know the real qualities attributed to the bird? Is the bird really yellow or is it gray? Does it really chirp or does it simply move its beak, or is there really a bird or is it just a chirping sound?In that example, who describes the most accurate qualities of the bird? How would the third person infer that he sees the correct color because he is normal if there are only three of them with different descriptions? Is it suffice hitherto to conclude that qualities of the materials are inherent to the subject with our without our perception if these qualities differ from one person to another? What if half of the world’s population had congenital color blindness and claims that the leaves of the trees are brown while the other half claims it is green.How can the latter defend that the leaves are green if the former does not have any concept of what the color green is? What then is the real color of the leaves? Is it brown or is it green? What then is the inherent color of the leaves with or without man’s perception and how can we prove it? How can we say that everything that we perceive is the inherent quality of that object? I believe that the scenario was as the same as what Berkeley wanted to point out. In this dialogue, Philonous enlightened Hylas about his percept ion on material things.Hylas believed that we cannot dissociate a characteristic of material to a material. We cannot say that a sugar will no longer be sweet just because we do not perceive it as sweet. However, if we are going to look for the history of sweetness as one of the characteristics of sugar, it will be easier to infer that this observation was based on the consensus of the people who tasted sugar. It was perceived by our taste buds. A lot of people sharing the same opinion established the authenticity in the statement that sugar is sweet. What if we could not taste sugar, does that mean that it is no longer sweet?If our taste buds failed to savor the sweetness in the chocolate bar that we are eating, does that mean that the chocolate bar is no longer sweet? However, one interesting argument that Berkeley laid through Philonous was that if it is true that qualities are innate to the object per se, why does food taste bitter to others while sweet to some? If our perceptua l rationale is arbitrary, how can we establish the fact that the characteristics of an object around us akin to the object? What will that characteristics be? How can we prove that objects would exist with or without us?I would admit that the challenging enigma that Berkeley posed in this dialogue is quite tedious to refute. I agree with Berkeley as he opposed the idea that the qualities of an object are inherent to the object with or without our perception of it because we have different perspectives. Our concepts of things are provisory on our capacity to view things. We cannot think of the unthinkable, of something that goes beyond our capacity to think. Also, on the Third Dialogue, Hylas asks Philonous about the story of creation wherein Moses described the creation of corporeal things, the sun, the moon, the plants and animals.These were not mere ideas existing only in the mind. These are tangible things. Hylas challenged Philonous on how he could make his claims consistent to the account stated in the story of Creation. Philonous defense was to define what he meant by ideas. Ideas are not fictitious. According to Philonous, ideas are based on the things perceived by the senses. Any object that could not be perceived by the senses could not be considered ideas or beyond human thought that it will be impossible to draw even a visual representation are not ideas. Thus, his claim is cohesive with the theories of creation because we can perceive these things.What Philonous disapproves is the fact that material things exist by itself with its characteristics distinct. In the last part of the third dialogue, Hylas was convinced with the explanation of Philonous. They made inferences and juxtaposed their claims and the notions of the materialist philosopher and their rationale for the claim. They inferred that matterare things that are perceived by the mind and its qualities are not akin to itself but on our perception of it. It is a common knowledge but through the philosophies introduced by other scholars seemed makes it more intricate.His main goal is to unite the â€Å"concept that the things we are the real things and these are ideas which exists only in the boundaries of our minds. † Berkeley believes that the principle of materialism could lead to skepticism and atheism because something beyond the capacity of our mind, we tend to conceptualize a material world without the sovereign of God. In my opinion, what the author wanted to say was that the moment we believe that a thing would exist by itself independent of our perception would imply that a material world could be expected to run without God.It would lead us to believe that material things exist the way they are and there are no spiritual being causing those things to happen. On the last part of the dialogue, Philonous connoted that some philosophers had the tendency to become skeptics and atheist with formulation of scientific and mathematical principles and of things with no empirical content. It should not be the case; the principles of science should not be a paradox to the existence of God. By believing that things exist beyond our perception is an outright denial that God does not exist.It is embracing the notion that things are just the way they and there is nobody that controls it. In the last part, he used the fountain as an example. Water was able to rise and fall because of gravity. This principle made others skeptics when in fact this could simply be explained in a lighter sense. Our perception makes us aware of the gifts God has endowed in our world, its existence is under the providence of God. Thus, thinking what our minds cannot conceive and our senses cannot perceive could led us to doubt that God is the cause of all these things. This skepticism in the long run could lead to denial of God

Friday, January 10, 2020

The Holy One of Israel in Isaiah

The Holy One of Israel This essay concerns about the meaning of the divine title ‘The Holy One of Israel’ in the Book of Isaiah. It is going to state clearly the study approach before going into the discussion. Approach of this essay The book of Isaiah had been studied through different approaches of which three are quite distinctive[1]. (1)A pre-critical, or traditional, understanding, still found in some conservative scholars. They keep the entire book of Isaiah connected to the prophet Isaiah of the eighth century B. C. E. There is nothing intrinsically impossible as the approach is ‘prophecy’. With the rise of ‘historical criticism’, such an approach has been commonly rejected in the interpretive world. (2)A critical understanding of the book of Isaiah is reflective of the intellectual world of the West in the 18th and 19th centuries that focused on historical issues. The dominant idea of this approach is the division of the book of Isaiah into, with short hand references, First Isaiah, Second Isaiah and Third Isaiah. However, the ‘three Isaiah’ only exist as an editorial convenience, but without integral connection to each other. 3)The canonical study of the book of Isaiah recognizes that the book is a literary complexity. It is a literary approach, draws upon historical-critical gains but moves beyond them toward theological interpretation. The last approach is used in this essay. Introduction The Holy One of Israel, as a description of God is a distinctive feature of the Book of Isaiah. The name appeared in the Old Testament 32 times, 26 times in Isaiah. The other six times in Jeremiah (50:29; 51:5), Ezekiel (39:7) and Psalms (71:22, 78:41, 89:18). It is hardly coincidence that in his vision in Chapter 6 Isaiah himself has heard the seraphim proclaiming â€Å"Holy, holy, holy is Almighty YHWH†, the whole book works out the implications of that vision. In chapters 1-12, and then 13-27, 28-39, 40-55 and at last 56-66, the message of this vision spreads in ever widening circles. Each part leads to the next, but each also relates to that key awareness that YHWH is The Holy One of Israel. The table below shows The Holy One of Israel appeared in the book of Isaiah at different periods of history with related scriptures. Part |Chapters |Motif |Historical Events[2] |Scriptures | | |1 |Prologue |In the days of 4 kings of Judah |1:4 | |1 |2-12 |Sign of Immanuel |Challenge to Judah: Time of Ahaz |5:19, 24; 10:17, 20; 12:6 | |2 |13-27 |Fall of a Great City |Calamity and Hope for the Nations |17:7 | |3 |28-39 |Siege of Jerusalem |Challenge to Judah: Time of Hezekiah |29:19, 23; 30:11, 12, 15; 31:1; 37:23 | |4 |40-55 |Light to the Nat ions |Comfort in Babylon |41:14, 16, 20; 43:3, 14; 45:11; 47:4; | | | | | |48:17; 49:7; 54:5; 55:5 | |5 |56-66 |Return of the Prodigal Son |Challenge to Judah after Exile |60:9, 14 | The Meaning of Holiness The Hebrew word for holiness is qodes (Greek: hagios). It is used for what is set apart from a common to a sacred use[3], as the utensils and ministers of the sanctuary, and certain days (Ex 20:8; 30:31; 31:10; Lev 21:7; Num 5:17; Ne 8:9; Zech 14:21); for what is separated from ceremonial defilement (Ex 22:31; Lev 20:26) or immorality (2Cor 7:1; 1Thes 4:7) including false worship and heathen practices (Lev 20:6, 7: 21:6). In a larger sense God is holy, for He is separated from all other beings by His infinite perfections, by His being, wisdom, power, holiness, justices, goodness, and truth, the glory of which fills the earth (Isa 6:3). Israel acquires holiness by being obedient to God’s commandments and faithful to His covenant (Lev 11:44; Deut 28:9)[4]. The concept of holiness permeates the life of Israel. Even the land occupied by the people is considered holy (Zech 2:12). The capital city Jerusalem is designated as the city of God, the holy habitation of the Most High (Ps 46:4). The Holy One of Israel The term ‘The Holy One of Israel’ reflects the dialectical relation between ‘The Holy One’ and ‘Israel’. It is a relation with the Holy One with a non-holy entity[5]. The Holy One requires Israel to be holy. ‘Be holy because I, the Lord Your God, am holy’ (Lev 19:2). The separate one becomes the attached one. Their relation is bound by covenant. The challenge of the relation is Israel’s unfaithfulness in worshipping other god’s. The most notable example is the imposition of Baal worship on the northern kingdom by Ahab’s marriage to Jezebel. Both the northern and the southern kingdoms suffered captivity. Any ‘rebellious’ from Israel side causes ‘discipline’ from The Holy One side. Exile’ from Israel causes ‘In the midst’ from the other, ‘punishment’ causes ‘redemption’, ‘go astray’ causes ‘teaches and leads’ etc. In the Book of Isaiah, the Holy One is the Lord, God. The Lord has passion. He is angry at Israel who rejects His laws (5:24; 31:1) but His compassion is good news more directly for the powerless (29:19). He is the Creator of Israel (43:15), the Maker of this nation (17:7; 45:11; 54:5). He is called the Holy One of Israel, and is in relation with Israel, like Husband and wife (54:5), Father and son (45:11; 63:16; 64:8). The Holy One of Israel is in the midst of the people of Israel (12:6), they will stay upon the Lord (10:20). The harmonious covenant relation between the Holy One and Israel is being challenged by the rebellious Israel. The people have forsaken the Lord, they have contemned The Holy One of Israel (1:4; 5:19, 24; 30:12; 37:23), they are turned away backward and they reject the law of the Lord (5:24). The people have been warned but they do not look unto The Holy One of Israel (31:1). Israel is being punished and exiled. This is the way that the Lord teaches and leads Israel (48:17) to restore the covenant relation. The Holy One of Israel, their Redeemer and Savior (41:14; 43:3, 14; 47:4; 48:17; 49:7; 54:5) rescues the people from exile so that they will understand the work of the Lord (29:23; 41:20), they will rejoice in the Lord and they will sanctify The Holy One of Israel (29:23; 41:16). He Himself works for Israel (43:14), through the redeeming work of the Lord, He has glorified Israel (55:5; 60:9, 14). YHWH’s majesty and authority is over Judah and other nations (49:7). On that day shall a man regard his Maker, and his eyes shall look to The Holy One of Israel (17:7). This is a sketch of a thread sewing The Holy One of Israel throughout the Book of Isaiah. It is discussed in more details below. Prologue (Chapter 1) Israel is called to be a holy nation (Exodus 19:6), now becomes a sinful nation (1:4). A people laden with iniquity, a people being the seed of Abraham become a seed of evildoers. They have despised The Holy One of Israel. The degenerated children have forsaken the Lord, their father. Nothing in human life is more tragic than an unsuccessful upbringing. God’s children rebel against God. ‘The ox knows his owner, and the ass his master’s crib, but Israel does not know, my people does not consider’ (1:3). The knowledge to The Holy One of Israel is even worse than ox and ass to their master. The rod of the Holy One is upon Israel, like the Holy Father disciplining His son (Hebrew 12:4-11). One day, Judah will be called the city of righteousness, the faithful city, Zion will be redeemed by justice, and those in her repent by righteousness (1:26, 27). Israel is like the prodigal son who returns to his father. Part 1 (Chapters 2-12) Sign of Immanuel Judah turns their back to God, the people think that the wealth is built by their power and might, they do not look up to their God, The Holy One of Israel, and they despise His words. They do not even know who they are before the Holy One of Israel. What a rebellious nation who tests and tries The Holy One of Israel. ‘Let Him make speed, let Him hasten His work, that we may see it and let the counsel of The Holy One of Israel draw nigh and come, that we may know it’ (5:19). The people do not know themselves before the Holy One. Even do they not seek the Holy One of Israel, nor do they lift up their eyes on God, but rather they have taunted and blasphemed the Lord (37:23). The sinful nation is called the rejecter of the law of the Lord and despiser of the Word of God (5:24). They forget the laws of the Lord, those holy decrees, laws and regulations that the Lord established on Mount Sinai. (Lev 26:46). For that reason the fire of judgment would descend on them like fire that devours the stubble, and they would burn like chaff. The wicked are perished in the judgment. They are like trees with rotten roots and blossom torn off by the wind. They fly away like dust (5:24). His hand is raised and strikes them down. His hand is still upraised (5:25). At the time of King Ahaz, a sign of Immanuel is given to the people of Judah. No matter how unfavorable the circumstances is, The Holy One of Israel is with them when Damascus and Samaria are punished, and also God will be with them when Assyria comes up to destroy like razor (7:10-20). Part 2 (Chapters 13-28) Fall of a Great City: Calamity and Hope for the Nation YHWH’s punishment comes. ‘The fortress will disappear from Ephraim, and the kingdom from Damascus’ (17:3a). Israel’s trouble comes from looking away from YHWH and disregarding YHWH’s governance and requirements. They have been excessively preoccupied with their own achievements and mesmerized by their own religious assurances. But now Israel would refocus their eyes back to ‘The Holy One of Israel’ (17:7). The theme is repentance and return to YHWH. Part 3 (Chapters 28-39) Siege of Jerusalem The Holy One of Israel is a Protector but the people of Judah do not seek Him. God has spoken to the leaders of Israel not to depend on Egypt, nor to return to Egypt to acquire more horses (Deut 17:16). However they opposed Him and turned their back on Him. ‘Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many and in horsemen, because they are exceeding mighty; but they look not unto The Holy One of Israel, nor seek the Lord! ’ (31:1) They are rebellious people, faithless children, who do not listen the instruction of the Lord (30:9). They do not like the true prophesy (31:10), nor the right path, nor listening to The Holy One of Israel (31:11). Therefore, the punishment of The Holy One of Israel is upon them, like a break in a high wall, bulging out, and about to collapse, whose crash come suddenly (31:13) its breaking is like a smashing potter’s vessel (31:14). The Holy One of Israel urged His people to return and rest (30:15), to be quiet like a weaned child at its mother’s breast, and to surrender trustingly to their father, to have childlike faith. However, Judah is constantly in fear, surrounding by enemies. The wicked man has no peace but grief. Judah does not have the love of God to cast out fear. They were nervous and ran to and fro without any accomplishment. They focused not on The Holy One of Israel but wrongly on Egypt’s chariots and horses. The city of Jerusalem finally falls down. The people become captives, being exiled to Babylon. Part 4 (Chapters 40-55): Light to the Nation During the period of exile, The Holy One of Israel is a Comforter. ‘Fear not! ’ the Lord speaks to Jacob three times in 41:10-14. That is indeed necessary because the poor exiles fear so many things. But the Lord, the faithful covenant God, uses all kinds of motives and inducements to comfort His people. In the exile, Jacob looks like worm, insect, dead man. The Lord’s comfort gives light to this nation. ‘Fear not, for I am with you, do not be afraid for I am your God. I will strengthen you, and I will help you. I will uphold you with my victorious right hand. (41:10) ‘For I, the Lord your God, hold your right hand; it is I who say to you, â€Å"Do not fear, I will help you†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(41:13). ‘Do not fear, you worm Jacob, you insect Israel! I will help you, says the lord; your redeemer is The Holy One of Israel’ (41:14). The Lord will hel p Jacob with His right hand. He will make Jacob a new sharp threshing instrument having teeth, to thresh, strike, punish and crush the mountains and hills, so that they are blown away as chaff before the wind. On that day Jacob will rejoice in the Lord, they will glory in The Holy One of Israel. Lord’s comfort brings hope to the nation. The desert people know what it meant to suffer thirst. The exile experiences are like the poor and needy seeking water. The Lord has heard their voices. He will not forsake them. To those perishing with thirst, much water supply was the most impressive metaphor of rich blessings. This abundance is described as the breaking forth of streams, even on the plateaus. Trees will come up in former deserts. On that day, they may see and know and consider, and understand together, that the hand of the Lord has done this, and The Holy One of Israel has created it. Redeemer and Creator (43:1-15) The Holy One of Israel is a Redeemer of Jacob. He has given Egypt as Jacob’s ransom, Ethiopia and Sheba in exchange for Jacob. Why? Because the Lord is the creator of Israel, for he will redeem His people (43:1). The Lord calls Jacob by name, showing intimate relationship between the covenant God and Israel. Israel was precious in God’s sight and honored, and God loved Israel. He gave people in return for Israel, nations in exchange for their life. Also, the Lord is their God, The Holy One of Israel, their Savior. He will protect them. The fire constantly purifies Israel, but it never consumes her; the water cleanses her, but it could never swallow up the Jews. ‘When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; And when you pass through the rivers, they will not sweep over you. When you walk through the fire, you will not be burned; The flames will not set you ablaze. ’ (43:2) For the sake of Jacob, The Holy One of Israel will punish Babylon, He will bring down all of them as fugitives, even the Chaldeans, in the ships of their shouting, because The Holy One of Israel is their Redeemer, their Creator, their King (43:15), their Maker and Husband (54:5). Part 5 (Chapters 56-66) Return of the Prodigal Son The Holy One of Israel participates in the Return of Jacob to Jerusalem. 60:9 and 60:14 mentions ‘The Holy One of Israel’. It is a scene of return of Jacob to Jerusalem from Babylon. In 60:9, ‘to bring your children from far away, their silver and gold with them, for the name of the Lord your God’ refers to the return of Israel with the herald of the King Cyrus of Persia (Ezra 1:1-4). Verse 14 referred to the help of the Lord, Jerusalem is called the City of the Lord, the Zion of The Holy One of Israel. In the exposition of Chapter 60, Harry Bultema[6] writes that ‘some attempted to explain this divine oracle concerning the blessedness of the Israelites as taking place after the return from Babylon; others explained them wholly spiritually of the prosperity, growth and extension of the Christian Church during the days of the New Testament’. Bulterma further quotes the expositor Van der Palm statement ‘the former explanation must of necessity weaken the intended meaning of the words, and the latter violates all sound literal biblical exegesis. ’ Since it has been stated in the beginning that the approach of this essay is canonical literary one, it is not agree to take the traditional view here. From the structure of Chapter 60, it refers to the return from Babylon. -5Glory of the Lord is upon Jerusalem. 6-12Gold and frankincense and all the riches are brought to Jerusalem by sea and by land. 13-18Those who oppressed Israel shall come bending low to Israel. T hey would know this is the work of the Lord, He is their savior, Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob. 19-22God was the glory of Zion. One more discussion: Is Jesus The Holy One of Israel? From the above discussion, we can see that The Holy One of Israel is God who bears the following titles: Redeemer, Savior,Comforter,Protector,King, Creator,Maker,Husband,Father There are two questions arise. First, ‘Is The Holy One of Israel referring to Jesus and never in any way beyond Jesus? Second, ‘Is The Holy One of Israel referring to Jesus? ’ In response to the first question, Harry Bultema states that it refers to our Lord Jesus, ‘who is constantly indicated and further defined as the One who created and formed Israel and who one day shall deliver, protect, and glorify it as the Savior. ’[7] It is not agree with Bultema for two reasons, though The Holy One of Israel bears the above titles in the book of Isaiah. (1)In Isaiah, The Holy One of Israel is also refe rred to as a Father (45:11), which is contradict to the title of Jesus Christ in the New Testament. 2) The promise applies to Israel. The church should not rob the glory of the Jews. Da Costa complained once – our country, our cities, our glorious name and the church had robbed us of our promises. Did this not concern you, O Christians. ’ In response to the second question, the title is originally referring to God who comforts, redeems, creates, etc in the Old Testament time. It is very closed referring to Jesus, except for the title of ‘Father’ whose name exists in the triune God. Conclusion With the approach of the canonical study of the book of Isaiah, it is found that the Holy One is the Lord, God. He is the Creator of Israel, the Maker of this nation. He is the Father of this people. The following few lines summarize this essay. Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty, Immanuel is Your name. Woe to those who despise Your Words, The Holy One of Israel they know not. Woe to those who seek help from Egypt, Protector, Comforter, Savior, Redeemer, they ask not. Your rod from Assyria is upon them, but You are in the midst of them. On that day, their eyes are upon You, They will see You are the Deliverer, the Maker of this Nation. On that day, the Creator will hear, Your are my Father, we are Your children. Bibliography 1. Walter Brueggemann, Isaiah 1 – 39 (Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville) 1998. 2. Walter Brueggemann, Isaiah 40 – 66 (Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville) 1998. 3. John Goldingay, New International Biblical Commentary: Isaiah, (Hendrickson Publishers, Massachusetts) 2001. 4. John D. Davis, Davis dictionary of the Bible, 4th edn (Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan) 1975. 5. Johannes B. Bauer, Encyclopedia of Biblical Theology Vol 1, (Sheed and Ward, London) 1970. 6. Stephen Lee, Lecture Notes on BSN304: Understanding Isaiah: An Exploration on the Spirituality of Exile, 2010. 7. Gordon C. I. Wong, The Road to Peace: Pastoral Reflections on Isaiah 1-12, (Genesis Book, Singapore) 2009. 8. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Volume II:E-J, (Grand Rapids, Michigan) 1982 ———————– 1] Walter Brueggemann, Isaiah 1 – 39, (Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville) 1998, 3-5. [2] John Goldingay, New International Biblical Commentary: Isaiah, (Hendrickson Publishers, Massachusetts) 2001, 8. [3] John D. Davis, Davis dictionary of the Bible, 4th edn (Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan) 1975, 334. [4] Geoffrey W. Bromiley, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Volume II:E-J, (Grand Rapids, Michigan) 1982, 725-726. [5] John Goldingay, New International Biblical Commentary: Isaiah, 15. [6] Harry Bultema, Commentary on Isaiah, (Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, Michigan) 1981, 584. [7] Harry Bultema, Commentary on Isaiah, 20-22.